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	Panel Kernel Density Estimation	Panel Spatial Autocorrelation
Ämnesområde	Rumslig analys	Rumslig analys
Familj	Regression model	Regression model
Ursprungsår	1962 (KDE); panel extension: 1990s–2000s	1988–2003
Upphovsperson	Parzen (1962); Silverman (1986); extended to panel contexts in spatial econometrics literature	Anselin, L.; Elhorst, J. P.
Typ	Nonparametric density estimation	Diagnostic test / exploratory statistic
Ursprungskälla	Parzen, E. (1962). On estimation of a probability density function and mode. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 33(3), 1065-1076.	Anselin, L. (2013). Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Springer Netherlands. (Originally published 1988.) ISBN: 978-9401577991
Alias	Panel KDE, longitudinal kernel density estimation, repeated-measures KDE, panel nonparametric density estimation	spatial autocorrelation in panel data, panel spatial dependence, spatio-temporal autocorrelation, cross-sectional dependence in panels
Närliggande	5	5
Sammanfattning	Panel Kernel Density Estimation (Panel KDE) extends the standard kernel density estimator to panel (longitudinal) data, estimating smooth density surfaces for spatial or attribute variables observed across multiple units and time periods. It reveals how the distribution of a phenomenon shifts, concentrates, or disperses over time and across groups, making it a natural tool for tracking spatial patterns in repeated-measures or panel datasets.	Panel Spatial Autocorrelation measures whether observations that are geographically close also tend to have similar values across repeated time periods. It extends classic cross-sectional spatial autocorrelation statistics such as Moran's I to panel data, enabling researchers to detect spatial dependence consistently over time and to diagnose whether a panel regression model requires a spatial component.