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	Krackhardt Hierarchy Measures	Analys av sociala nätverk
Ämnesområde	Sociology	Nätverksanalys
Familj	Process / pipeline	Machine learning
Ursprungsår	1994	1934 (sociometry); 1994 (modern formalization)
Upphovsperson	David Krackhardt	Moreno, J.L.; formalized by Wasserman & Faust
Typ	Set of four graph-theoretic indices of how hierarchical a network is	Structural/relational analysis framework
Ursprungskälla	Krackhardt, D. (1994). Graph theoretical dimensions of informal organizations. In K. M. Carley & M. J. Prietula (Eds.), Computational Organization Theory (pp. 89–111). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.	Wasserman, S. & Faust, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978-0-521-38707-1
Alias	Krackhardt GTD, graph-theoretic dimensions of hierarchy, Krackhardt connectedness-hierarchy-efficiency-LUB, out-tree hierarchy measures	SNA, network analysis, sociometric analysis, relational analysis
Närliggande	5	5
Sammanfattning	Krackhardt's graph-theoretic dimensions provide four indices that together measure how closely a directed network approximates a pure hierarchy — formally, an out-tree. The dimensions are connectedness (is everyone linked?), hierarchy (are ties asymmetric, i.e., non-reciprocated?), efficiency (are there no redundant ties?), and least upper bound (does every pair share a common superior?). Each is scaled from 0 to 1, and a network scoring 1 on all four is a perfect hierarchy.	Social Network Analysis (SNA) is a structural method that maps and measures relationships and flows between people, groups, organizations, or other entities modeled as nodes connected by ties (edges). Rather than focusing on individual attributes, SNA reveals how the pattern of connections shapes behavior, influence, information flow, and outcomes within a system.