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	Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A)	Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)	Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)
Ämnesområde	Klinisk psykologi	Klinisk psykologi	Klinisk psykologi
Familj	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Ursprungsår	1959	1983	1988
Upphovsperson	Max Hamilton	Andrew S. Zigmond and Richard P. Snaith	David Watson, Lee Anna Clark, and Auke Tellegen
Typ	Clinician-administered anxiety assessment	Anxiety and depression screening in medical populations	Mood and affect self-assessment
Ursprungskälla	Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 32(1), 50-55.	Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361-370.	Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
Alias	HAM-A, HARS	HADS, HADS-A, HADS-D	PANAS, PANAS-X
Närliggande	5	4	5
Sammanfattning	The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a clinician-administered assessment tool for quantifying the severity of anxiety symptoms in adults. Developed by Max Hamilton in 1959, it remains one of the most widely used instruments for evaluating anxiety in clinical and research settings. The scale measures both psychological and somatic manifestations of anxiety across 14 items.	The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a 14-item self-report instrument measuring anxiety and depression symptoms in medically ill populations. Developed by Zigmond and Snaith in 1983, the HADS was specifically designed for hospital and general medical settings where somatic symptoms of medical illness may confound assessment. It remains the standard anxiety-depression measure in medical, oncology, and cardiac populations worldwide.	The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a brief, efficient self-report measure of mood and emotional affect. Developed by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen in 1988, it assesses two independent dimensions: positive affect (enthusiasm, attentiveness, interest) and negative affect (distress, anxiety, anger). The 20-item standard version is one of the most widely used instruments for measuring emotion in research and clinical contexts.