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	Ground-Penetrating Radar	Elektrisk resistivitetstomografi	Seismisk full-våginversion
Ämnesområde	Geofysik	Geofysik	Geofysik
Familj	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Ursprungsår	1989	1996	1984
Upphovsperson	James Davis and Anthony Annan	Loke and Barker	Albert Tarantola
Typ	Shallow subsurface electromagnetic pulse detection	Active source resistivity mapping and subsurface imaging	Seismic imaging and model parameterization technique
Ursprungskälla	Davis, J. L., & Annan, A. P. (1989). Ground-penetrating radar for high-resolution mapping of soil and rock stratigraphy. Geophysical Prospecting, 37(5), 531-551.	Loke, M. H., & Barker, R. D. (1996). Rapid least-squares inversion of apparent resistivity pseudosections by a quasi-Newton method. Geophysical Prospecting, 44(1), 131-152.	Tarantola, A. (1984). Inversion of seismic reflection data in the acoustic approximation. Geophysics, 49(8), 1259-1266.
Alias	GPR	ERT	FWI
Närliggande	3	3	3
Sammanfattning	Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a near-surface geophysical method that uses high-frequency electromagnetic pulses (typically 10 MHz to 2.5 GHz) to image shallow subsurface structures with exceptional spatial resolution. Pioneered by Davis and Annan in 1989, GPR is widely used in archaeology, civil engineering, environmental assessment, and shallow mineral exploration due to its ability to resolve features at decimeter to centimeter scales.	Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) is an active-source geophysical method that maps the spatial distribution of electrical resistivity in the subsurface by injecting current between two electrodes and measuring potential differences across an array of receiver electrodes. Advanced as a practical technique by Loke and Barker in 1996, ERT has become standard for hydrogeological, environmental, and structural characterization due to its sensitivity to fluid saturation and salt content.	Seismic Full-Waveform Inversion (FWI) is a computational technique that reconstructs detailed subsurface velocity and impedance models by iteratively fitting synthetic seismic waveforms to observed data. Introduced by Albert Tarantola in 1984, FWI has become the leading method for high-resolution imaging in exploration geophysics, engineering seismology, and subsurface characterization.