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	Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21)	General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12)	Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A)	Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
Ämnesområde	Klinisk psykologi	Klinisk psykologi	Klinisk psykologi	Klinisk psykologi
Familj	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Ursprungsår	1995	1992	1959	1983
Upphovsperson	Stephen H. Lovibond and Peter F. Lovibond	David P. Goldberg	Max Hamilton	Andrew S. Zigmond and Richard P. Snaith
Typ	Three-dimensional mental health screening	Psychiatric symptom screening	Clinician-administered anxiety assessment	Anxiety and depression screening in medical populations
Ursprungskälla	Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Psychology Foundation of Australia.	Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. Oxford University Press.	Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 32(1), 50-55.	Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361-370.
Alias	DASS-21, DASS, DASS-42	GHQ-12, GHQ	HAM-A, HARS	HADS, HADS-A, HADS-D
Närliggande	5	5	5	4
Sammanfattning	The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) is a 21-item self-report instrument measuring three correlated but distinct dimensions of psychological distress: depression, anxiety, and stress. Developed by Lovibond and Lovibond in 1995, the DASS-21 is a short form of the original 42-item DASS. It has become widely used in research and clinical settings for its brevity, multidimensional structure, and strong psychometric properties.	The General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) is a brief, 12-item self-report screening instrument for psychological distress and mental health problems in the general population. Developed by David P. Goldberg, the GHQ-12 is the most widely used short form of the longer General Health Questionnaire series. It is designed for rapid detection of minor psychiatric morbidity and assessment of psychological well-being in clinical, occupational health, and community settings.	The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a clinician-administered assessment tool for quantifying the severity of anxiety symptoms in adults. Developed by Max Hamilton in 1959, it remains one of the most widely used instruments for evaluating anxiety in clinical and research settings. The scale measures both psychological and somatic manifestations of anxiety across 14 items.	The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a 14-item self-report instrument measuring anxiety and depression symptoms in medically ill populations. Developed by Zigmond and Snaith in 1983, the HADS was specifically designed for hospital and general medical settings where somatic symptoms of medical illness may confound assessment. It remains the standard anxiety-depression measure in medical, oncology, and cardiac populations worldwide.