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	COSY	HSQC	NMR-spinn-eko	NOESY
Ämnesområde	Spektroskopi	Spektroskopi	Spektroskopi	Spektroskopi
Familj	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Ursprungsår	1976	1980	1950	1981
Upphovsperson	Wüthrich Kurt	Anil Kumar	Erwin Hahn	Richard Ernst
Typ	Two-dimensional pulse sequence	Heteronuclear correlation sequence	Spectroscopic pulse sequence	Two-dimensional pulse sequence
Ursprungskälla	Aue, W. P., Bartholdi, E., & Ernst, R. R. (1976). Two-dimensional spectroscopy. Application to nuclear magnetic resonance. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 64(5), 2229-2246.	Bodenhausen, G., & Ruben, D. J. (1981). Natural abundance nitrogen-15 NMR by enhanced heteronuclear spectroscopy. Chemical Physics Letters, 69(2), 185-189.	Hahn, E. L. (1950). Spin echoes. Physical Review, 80(4), 580-594.	Aue, W. P., Bartholdi, E., & Ernst, R. R. (1976). Two-dimensional spectroscopy. Application to nuclear magnetic resonance. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 64(5), 2229-2246.
Alias	COSY NMR, 2D COSY, 1H-1H COSY	HSQC NMR, 1H-13C HSQC, heteronuclear correlation	CPMG pulse sequence, spin-echo NMR	NOE spectroscopy, 2D NOESY, NOE NMR
Närliggande	4	4	4	3
Sammanfattning	Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY) is a two-dimensional NMR technique that correlates proton chemical shifts through scalar coupling (J-coupling), revealing which protons are magnetically coupled and hence bonded through multiple bonds. Developed by Aue, Bartholdi, and Ernst in 1976, COSY became one of the most important tools in structural elucidation, enabling chemists to map out proton connectivity patterns and deduce molecular topology without isotopic labeling.	Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Coherence (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that correlates proton and carbon-13 (or other heteronuclei) chemical shifts through one-bond coupling constants (1JHX). Developed in the early 1980s, HSQC rapidly became the workhorse of structural chemistry because it directly maps which carbons bear which protons, providing a comprehensive view of carbon skeleton connectivity and substitution patterns.	The spin-echo is a fundamental nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) pulse sequence technique introduced by Erwin Hahn in 1950. It uses a 90-degree radiofrequency pulse followed by a 180-degree refocusing pulse to create an echo, effectively reversing the effects of magnetic field inhomogeneities and allowing accurate measurement of spin relaxation properties. This technique is essential in modern NMR spectroscopy for both one-dimensional and multidimensional experiments.	Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement Spectroscopy (NOESY) is a 2D NMR technique that detects through-space dipolar coupling between protons, rather than through-bond scalar coupling. Introduced by Macura and Ernst in 1981, NOESY reveals which protons are spatially close in the three-dimensional structure, independent of bonding connectivity. This makes NOESY invaluable for determining molecular conformation, assigning stereochemistry, and elucidating protein folds.