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| Konfirmatorisk faktoranalys (CFA)× | Explorativ faktoriell analys (EFA)× | Multilevel Modeling× | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ämnesområde≠ | Psykometri | Statistik | Forskningsstatistik |
| Familj≠ | Latent structure | Latent structure | Process / pipeline |
| Ursprungsår≠ | 1969 | — | 1992 |
| Upphovsperson≠ | Karl Gustav Jöreskog | — | Anthony Bryk and Stephen Raudenbush |
| Typ≠ | Hypothesis-testing latent variable model | Latent variable / dimension reduction | Method |
| Ursprungskälla≠ | Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202. DOI ↗ | Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C. & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272–299. DOI ↗ | Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. SAGE Publications. DOI ↗ |
| Alias≠ | CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis | common factor analysis, açımlayıcı faktör analizi, factor analysis | HLM, mixed-effects models, random effects models, MLM |
| Närliggande≠ | 4 | 4 | 3 |
| Sammanfattning≠ | Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing. | Exploratory factor analysis reduces a large set of observed variables into a smaller number of latent common factors. It is widely used in scale development and psychometrics to uncover the dimensional structure that underlies a set of correlated items, without specifying that structure in advance. | Multilevel modeling (also called hierarchical linear modeling, mixed-effects modeling) is a statistical framework for analyzing data organized in nested or clustered structures—students within schools, patients within hospitals, repeated measures within individuals. Developed by Bryk and Raudenbush (1992), it accounts for dependency among observations and partitions variance into levels (within-cluster and between-cluster), enabling valid inference and revealing context effects. Essential in education, medicine, organizational research, and any field where data have natural hierarchies. |
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