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	Bulk aerodynamisk flödesberäkning	Eddy Covariance	Termisk vind
Ämnesområde	Meteorologi	Meteorologi	Meteorologi
Familj	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Ursprungsår	1981	1951	1920s
Upphovsperson	Large and Pond	Swinbank	Jacobbian insights from geostrophic flow
Typ	Surface flux estimation method	Micrometeorological flux measurement	Wind-temperature relationship
Ursprungskälla	Large, W. G., & Pond, S. (1981). Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 11(3), 324-336.	Baldocchi, D. (2003). Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide fluxes of ecosystems: past, present and future. Global Change Biology, 9(4), 479-492.	Holton, J. R. (2004). An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology (4th ed.). Academic Press.
Alias	Bulk aerodynamic approach, Bulk flux parametrization, Aerodynamic bulk method	Eddy covariance, EC flux, Eddy correlation, Direct flux measurement	Thermal wind, Vertical wind shear, Barotropic
Närliggande	3	3	3
Sammanfattning	The bulk aerodynamic method estimates surface energy and momentum fluxes from standard meteorological observations. Rather than measuring turbulent fluxes directly, it parameterizes them using measurements of wind speed, temperature, and moisture at a reference height (typically 10 m) and surface conditions, multiplied by empirically derived drag and transfer coefficients.	The eddy covariance method is a direct, micrometeorological technique that measures turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat, water vapor, and CO2 by computing the covariance between high-frequency fluctuations of wind velocity and scalar properties (temperature, humidity, concentration). It is the gold standard for measuring ecosystem-atmosphere exchanges and validating model parameterizations.	The thermal wind relationship is a fundamental meteorological principle that links vertical wind shear to horizontal temperature gradients. It states that wind speed increases with height in the direction of warming—a direct consequence of hydrostatic and geostrophic balance combined with the ideal gas law.