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	BEM Acoustics	Akustisk holografi	Akustisk strålspårning	Psykoakustisk maskering
Ämnesområde	Akustik	Akustik	Akustik	Akustik
Familj	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Ursprungsår	1971	1985	1979	1961
Upphovsperson	Carlos Brebbia, Robert Butterfield	James Maynard, Earl Williams, Yongjian Lee	James Allen, David Berkley	Eberhard Zwicker
Typ	Computational simulation for acoustics	Sound field reconstruction method	Computational room acoustics method	Perceptual model for audio systems
Ursprungskälla	Burton, A. J., & Miller, G. F. (1971). The application of integral equation methods to the numerical solution of some exterior boundary-value problems. Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 323(1553), 201–210.	Maynard, J. D., Williams, E. G., & Lee, Y. (1985). Near-field acoustic holography: I. Theory of generalized holography and the development of NAH. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 78(4), 1395–1413.	Allen, J. B., & Berkley, D. A. (1979). Image method for efficiently simulating small-room acoustics. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 65(4), 943–950.	Zwicker, E., & Scharf, B. (1965). Psychoacoustics: Facts and Models. Springer-Verlag. ISBN: 978-3540631644
Alias	BEM, boundary element method, indirect BEM, direct BEM	NAH, near-field acoustics, sound field mapping, acoustic imaging	ray tracing, geometric acoustics, image source method, sound ray propagation	masking, temporal masking, frequency masking, auditory masking
Närliggande	5	5	5	5
Sammanfattning	The Boundary Element Method (BEM) is a numerical technique for solving acoustic wave equations in complex geometries. Unlike finite element methods (FEM) that mesh entire volumes, BEM discretizes only the acoustic boundaries (surfaces), reducing computational cost and memory. First applied to acoustics by Burton and Miller in 1971, BEM is widely used for predicting room acoustics, exterior noise radiation, and acoustic scattering without the need for volumetric meshing.	Near-Field Acoustic Holography (NAH) is a technique for reconstructing 3D acoustic sound fields and visualizing sound radiation from sources by measuring pressure at a dense microphone array in the near field. Pioneered by Maynard, Williams, and Lee in 1985, NAH extends holographic principles from optics to acoustics, enabling detailed acoustic source characterization, noise source identification, and acoustic field visualization that is impossible with conventional single-point or line-array methods.	Acoustic ray tracing is a computational technique for predicting sound propagation in rooms by treating acoustic energy as rays that reflect specularly off surfaces. Formalized by Allen and Berkley in 1979 via the image source method, ray tracing is one of the most computationally efficient methods for room acoustic simulation, especially for early and mid-reflections. It is widely used in audio engineering, architectural acoustics, and interactive spatial audio for virtual environments.	Psychoacoustic masking describes how the human auditory system suppresses the perception of weak sounds in the presence of stronger sounds. Formalized by Eberhard Zwicker in the 1960s, masking is a fundamental phenomenon in hearing and the basis for perceptual audio coding (MP3, AAC, OPUS). Masking occurs both in frequency (spectral masking) and time (temporal masking), and understanding these effects enables efficient audio compression and realistic sound design.