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	Alizarinfärgning	Live/Dead-analys
Ämnesområde	Biomaterial	Biomaterial
Familj	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Ursprungsår	2004	2000
Upphovsperson	Gregory, Gunn, Peister	Invitrogen/Molecular Probes
Typ	Staining assay	Dual-dye viability assay
Ursprungskälla	Gregory, C. A., Gunn, W. G., Peister, A., & Prockop, D. J. (2004). An Alizarin red-based assay of mineralization by adherent cells in culture: comparison with cetylpyridinium chloride extraction. Analytical Biochemistry, 329(1), 77-84.	Molecular Probes (2004). LIVE/DEAD Viability/Cytotoxicity Kit user guide. Invitrogen Corporation.
Alias	alizarin red-S, calcium staining, bone mineralization assay	calcein-AM/propidium iodide, SYTO/PI staining, fluorescent viability stain
Närliggande	4	4
Sammanfattning	Alizarin red-S (1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone-3-sulfonic acid) is a calcium-binding dye that forms a colored complex with mineralized deposits, enabling direct visualization and quantification of bone matrix mineralization. Developed as a standard assay by Gregory and colleagues in 2004, alizarin red staining is widely used to evaluate osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, assess the mineralization-promoting effects of biomaterial scaffolds and growth factors, and measure the calcium content of bone tissue and engineered constructs. The assay is rapid, quantitative, and provides both visual and colorimetric readout.	The Live/Dead assay is a fluorescence-based method for simultaneously identifying live and dead cells using two complementary dyes. The assay combines calcein-AM (or SYTO fluorophores), which generates bright green fluorescence in living cells with intact esterase activity, with propidium iodide (PI), which produces red fluorescence in dead cells with compromised membrane integrity. Commercially developed by Molecular Probes and now part of Thermo Fisher's portfolio, the Live/Dead kit is widely used to evaluate cell viability on biomaterial scaffolds, in tissue constructs, and following drug or toxin exposure.