Krahasoni metodat

	Kodimi Turbo me Dekodim Iterativ	Kodet me paritet me densitet të ulët (LDPC)	Shumë-Hyrie Shumë-Dalëshe (MIMO)	Ortogonal Freguencë-Divizion Multiplexing (OFDM)
Fusha	Telekomunikacionet	Telekomunikacionet	Telekomunikacionet	Telekomunikacionet
Familja	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Viti i origjinës	1993	1962	1995	1971
Krijuesi	Claude Berrou, Alain Glavieux, and Punya Thitimajshima	Robert Gallager	Telatar, Foschini, and Gans	Weinstein and Ebert
Lloji	iterative error-correcting code	linear error-correcting code	spatial multiplexing technique	multicarrier modulation scheme
Burimi themelues	Berrou, C., Glavieux, A., & Thitimajshima, P. (1993). Near Shannon limit error-correcting coding and decoding: Turbo-codes. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 1064-1070.	Gallager, R. G. (1962). Low-density parity-check codes. IRE Transactions on Information Theory, 8(1), 21-28.	Telatar, I. (1999). Capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian channels. European Transactions on Telecommunications, 10(6), 585-595.	Weinstein, S. B., & Ebert, P. M. (1971). Data transmission by frequency-division multiplexing using the discrete Fourier transform. IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology, 19(5), 628-634.
Emërtime të tjera	iterative decoding, concatenated codes	sparse codes, belief propagation codes	spatial multiplexing, antenna diversity	multicarrier modulation
Të lidhura	5	5	5	5
Përmbledhja	Turbo codes, introduced by Berrou, Glavieux, and Thitimajshima in 1993, are a landmark in channel coding history. They achieve performance within 0.5 dB of the Shannon limit—the theoretical boundary for reliable communication—a feat previously thought impossible with practical complexity. Turbo codes use concatenated convolutional codes with an interleaver and iterative decoding via belief propagation. They were adopted in 3G (UMTS) and remain important in 4G/5G systems alongside LDPC codes.	LDPC codes, invented by Robert Gallager in 1962 and rediscovered in the 1990s by MacKay, are linear error-correcting codes defined by sparse parity-check matrices. They achieve performance within 0.4 dB of the Shannon limit with iterative belief-propagation decoding and have become the standard for modern wireless (WiFi-6, 5G NR, Digital Video Broadcasting). Unlike turbo codes, LDPC codes have a more elegant graph-theoretic structure and more mature theoretical analysis.	MIMO is a technique that uses multiple transmit and receive antennas to significantly increase channel capacity and reliability. Pioneered theoretically by Telatar (1999) and Foschini & Gans (1998), MIMO exploits multipath propagation—typically a liability in wireless—as an asset by creating independent spatial channels. It is now fundamental to all modern wireless systems including LTE, WiFi-6, and 5G, where it provides both capacity gains through spatial multiplexing and robustness through diversity.	OFDM is a multicarrier modulation technique that divides a wideband channel into many narrowband orthogonal subcarriers. Introduced by Weinstein and Ebert in 1971, it exploits the duality between time and frequency domains to efficiently use spectrum while mitigating intersymbol interference in frequency-selective channels. OFDM is now the standard for high-speed wireless systems including WiFi, cellular LTE, and digital broadcasting.