Krahasoni metodat

	Analiza e Ndjeshmërisë për Kauzalitetin	Metoda e Variablave Instrumentalë (IV) për Inferencën Kauzale
Fusha	Inferenca kauzale	Ekonomia shëndetësore
Familja	Regression model	Process / pipeline
Viti i origjinës	1983–2002	1990s (modern applications)
Krijuesi	Paul R. Rosenbaum (hidden-bias framework); extended by Cinelli & Hazlett (omitted-variable approach)	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory
Lloji	Diagnostic / robustness check	Method
Burimi themelues	Rosenbaum, P. R. (2002). Observational Studies (2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-0387989679	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Emërtime të tjera	sensitivity analysis, hidden-bias sensitivity analysis, Rosenbaum sensitivity analysis, omitted-variable sensitivity	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation
Të lidhura	4	3
Përmbledhja	Sensitivity analysis for causality assesses how robust a causal conclusion is to unobserved confounding. Rather than assuming all confounders are controlled, it asks: how strong would an unmeasured variable need to be to overturn the estimated effect? It is an indispensable robustness check after any quasi-experimental or observational causal analysis.	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.