Krahasoni metodat

	Vlerësimi i Fortë i Ndikimit Kontrafaktual	Përshtatja e Rezultatit të Tendencës
Fusha	Inferenca kauzale	Statistika e hulumtimit
Familja	Regression model	Process / pipeline
Viti i origjinës	2010s	1983
Krijuesi	European Commission evaluation community; Pellegrini, Ferrara and colleagues	Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin
Lloji	Robustness-validated causal evaluation	Method
Burimi themelues	Bia, M., Flores, C. A., Flores-Lagunes, A., & Mattei, A. (2014). A Stata package for the application of semiparametric estimators of dose–response functions. Stata Journal, 14(3), 580–604.	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.
Emërtime të tjera	Robust CIE, Sensitivity-checked CIE, Multi-method counterfactual evaluation, Robustness-validated impact evaluation	PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance
Të lidhura	5	3
Përmbledhja	Robust Counterfactual Impact Evaluation (Robust CIE) strengthens causal impact estimates by combining multiple quasi-experimental estimators, placebo tests, and formal sensitivity analyses. Rather than relying on a single method, it cross-validates findings across approaches — such as matching, difference-in-differences, and regression discontinuity — to ensure that conclusions do not depend on any single methodological choice.	Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias.