Krahasoni metodat

	Pesha e Rezultatit të Prirjes në Kërkimin Arsimor	Metoda e Variablave Instrumentalë (IV) për Inferencën Kauzale
Fusha	Inferenca kauzale	Ekonomia shëndetësore
Familja	Regression model	Process / pipeline
Viti i origjinës	1983 (theory); widely adopted in education research from 2000s	1990s (modern applications)
Krijuesi	Rosenbaum & Rubin (foundational theory, 1983); Thoemmes & Kim (education-focused review, 2011)	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory
Lloji	Quasi-experimental causal inference	Method
Burimi themelues	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41-55.	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Emërtime të tjera	PSW in education, inverse probability weighting in education, IPW education, propensity weighting education	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation
Të lidhura	5	3
Përmbledhja	Propensity score weighting (PSW) is a quasi-experimental technique that reweights observational samples so that treated and comparison students look similar on measured background characteristics, allowing credible causal estimates of educational interventions — such as program participation, instructional method, or school type — without random assignment.	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.