Krahasoni metodat

	Zhvillimi i shkallëve politomike	Analiza Konfirmuese e Faktorëve (AKF)
Fusha	Psikometri	Psikometri
Familja	Latent structure	Latent structure
Viti i origjinës	1969–1982	1969
Krijuesi	Samejima, F.; Masters, G. N. (independently)	Karl Gustav Jöreskog
Lloji	Psychometric scale construction	Hypothesis-testing latent variable model
Burimi themelues	Embretson, S. E. & Reise, S. P. (2000). Item Response Theory for Psychologists. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805828191	Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202.
Emërtime të tjera	polytomous item development, ordered-category scale construction, rating scale development, multi-category item development	CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis
Të lidhura	6	4
Përmbledhja	Polytomous scale development is the systematic construction and validation of measurement instruments whose items have three or more ordered response categories — such as Likert-type, rating, or partial-credit items. It applies polytomous item response theory models or ordinal factor analysis methods to evaluate item quality, estimate latent trait levels, and build a psychometrically sound scale.	Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing.