Krahasoni metodat

	Metrikat e Modelit të Peizazhit	Modeli hibrid hapësinoro-kohor CA-Markov
Fusha	Analiza hapësinore	Analiza hapësinore
Familja	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Viti i origjinës	1988	1997
Krijuesi	R. V. O'Neill et al.; McGarigal & Marks (FRAGSTATS)	Cellular automata (Clarke) + Markov chain (Muller & Middleton)
Lloji	Quantitative landscape pattern description	Spatio-temporal land-use change simulation
Burimi themelues	O'Neill, R. V., et al. (1988). Indices of landscape pattern. Landscape Ecology, 1(3), 153–162.	Clarke, K. C., Hoppen, S., & Gaydos, L. (1997). A self-modifying cellular automaton model of historical urbanization in the San Francisco Bay area. Environment and Planning B, 24(2), 247–261.
Emërtime të tjera	landscape pattern indices, FRAGSTATS metrics, fragmentation indices, peyzaj metrikleri	CA-Markov model, cellular automata Markov, land-use change simulation, CA-Markov arazi kullanımı modeli
Të lidhura	3	3
Përmbledhja	Landscape metrics are quantitative indices that describe the composition and spatial configuration of a categorical map — typically land cover — at the patch, class, and whole-landscape levels. Developed in landscape ecology (O'Neill and colleagues, 1988) and made widely usable by the FRAGSTATS software, they turn maps into numbers like patch density, edge density, fragmentation, diversity, and connectivity for ecological, planning, and change analysis.	CA-Markov is a hybrid spatio-temporal model that projects land-use and land-cover change by combining a Markov chain — which predicts how much of each class will change — with cellular automata, which decide where that change happens. Widely used for urban-growth and land-cover forecasting, it answers both the quantity and the location of change, something neither component does well alone.