Krahasoni metodat

	Metoda e Variablave Instrumentalë (IV) për Inferencën Kauzale	Model meefekteve fikse të të dhënave panel
Fusha	Ekonomia shëndetësore	Ekonometri
Familja	Process / pipeline	Regression model
Viti i origjinës	1990s (modern applications)	2014
Krijuesi	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory	Hsiao (textbook treatment); within transformation of panel data
Lloji	Method	Panel data regression
Burimi themelues	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.	Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of Panel Data (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Emërtime të tjera	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation	fixed effects model, within estimator, panel fixed-effects regression, Panel Veri — Sabit Etkiler Modeli
Të lidhura	3	5
Përmbledhja	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.	The Panel Data Fixed Effects model estimates relationships from panel data (the same units observed over several time periods) while controlling for unit- and/or time-specific effects, supporting causal inference. It is developed as the within estimator in standard treatments such as Hsiao's Analysis of Panel Data (2014).