Krahasoni metodat

	Diferenca-në-Diferenca (Diff-in-Diff)	Përshtatja e Rezultatit të Tendencës
Fusha	Ekonometri	Statistika e hulumtimit
Familja	Regression model	Process / pipeline
Viti i origjinës	1994	1983
Krijuesi	Card & Krueger (canonical 1994 application); Angrist & Pischke (textbook treatment)	Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin
Lloji	Causal inference / panel regression	Method
Burimi themelues	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 978-0691120355	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.
Emërtime të tjera	diff-in-diff, DiD, Farkların Farkı (Diff-in-Diff)	PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance
Të lidhura	5	3
Përmbledhja	Difference-in-Differences is a causal-inference method that estimates the effect of an intervention by comparing how a treatment group and a control group change over time. Made famous by Card and Krueger's 1994 minimum-wage study and developed in Angrist and Pischke's Mostly Harmless Econometrics, it isolates the treatment effect as the difference between the two groups' before-after changes.	Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias.