Krahasoni metodat

	Analiza e Funksionimit të ndryshëm të artikullit (DIF)	Modelimi me Ekuacione Strukturore (SEM)
Fusha	Psikometri	Statistikë
Familja	Latent structure	Latent structure
Viti i origjinës	1988	1970
Krijuesi	Paul W. Holland & Dorothy T. Thayer (Mantel-Haenszel approach, 1988)	Karl Jöreskog (LISREL framework, 1970s)
Lloji	Item-level fairness / measurement equivalence analysis	Latent variable / causal modeling
Burimi themelues	Holland, P. W. & Thayer, D. T. (1988). Differential Item Performance and the Mantel-Haenszel Procedure. ETS Research Report Series.	Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-1473756540
Emërtime të tjera	Madde Yanlılık Analizi (DIF — Differential Item Functioning), item bias analysis, Mantel-Haenszel DIF, Lord chi-square DIF	Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi (SEM), structural equation modelling, covariance structure analysis, latent variable modeling
Të lidhura	4	5
Përmbledhja	Differential Item Functioning analysis examines whether examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — who have the same underlying ability respond differently to a test item. First formalised by Holland and Thayer in 1988 via the Mantel-Haenszel procedure, it is the principal tool in modern test development for detecting and removing item bias.	Structural equation modeling is a multivariate statistical framework that simultaneously estimates a measurement model — relating observed indicators to latent constructs — and a structural model specifying directional or reciprocal relationships among those constructs. Rooted in the LISREL tradition developed by Karl Jöreskog in the 1970s, SEM is the standard tool for testing complex theoretical models in the social, behavioural, and management sciences.