Сравнение методов

	New Economics of Labor Migration Test	Remittance Impact Evaluation
Область	Migration Studies	Migration Studies
Семейство	Regression model	Regression model
Год появления	1985	2008
Автор метода	Oded Stark & David E. Bloom; Oded Stark & J. Edward Taylor	Dean Yang
Тип	Household-level econometric test of migration as risk and relative-deprivation strategy	Causal-inference design for the effect of remittances on household outcomes
Основополагающий источник	Stark, O., & Bloom, D. E. (1985). The New Economics of Labor Migration. American Economic Review, 75(2), 173-178.	Yang, D. (2008). International Migration, Remittances and Household Investment: Evidence from Philippine Migrants' Exchange Rate Shocks. The Economic Journal, 118(528), 591-630.
Другие названия	NELM Test, Relative Deprivation Migration Model, Household Risk-Diversification Migration Test, Stark-Bloom Migration Model	Remittance Causal Effect Estimation, Exchange-Rate Shock Remittance Design, Remittance IV Evaluation, Yang Remittance Identification
Связанные	3	3
Сводка	The new economics of labor migration (NELM), launched by Oded Stark and David Bloom in 1985, recasts migration as a decision made by households rather than isolated individuals and as a strategy aimed at managing risk and relative standing rather than simply maximizing one earner's wage. In the neoclassical view a worker migrates because expected earnings abroad exceed earnings at home; NELM argues instead that families in economies with missing or imperfect insurance and credit markets send a member away to diversify income sources and to relax the constraints those market failures impose. Stark and Taylor's 1991 paper added a second, distinctive motive: households migrate to reduce their relative deprivation — their position in the local income distribution — so that a family can be absolutely well-off yet still send a migrant because it feels poor relative to neighbors. Testing NELM therefore means estimating migration and remittance behavior as functions of household risk exposure and relative deprivation, not just the wage gap. Massey and colleagues' 1993 review positioned NELM as the principal theoretical rival to neoclassical migration economics. The test is fundamentally a household-level econometric exercise that pits these motives against the simple expected-income account.	Remittance impact evaluation is the set of causal-inference designs used to estimate what remittances actually do to the households that receive them — their effect on investment, schooling, child labor, entrepreneurship, and labor supply — rather than merely correlating remittance receipts with outcomes. The central difficulty is endogeneity: households with migrants and remittances differ systematically from those without, both in observable ways and in unobserved drive, networks, and shocks, so a naive comparison confounds the effect of remittances with the selection into sending a migrant. Dean Yang's 2008 study of Philippine households provided the design that defines the field, exploiting the sharp, differently-sized exchange-rate shocks of the 1997 Asian financial crisis: because migrants were working in many different countries, their home-currency remittances rose or fell by different amounts for reasons unrelated to the household, creating exogenous variation in remittance value. Using this shock as an instrument, Yang found that favorable shocks raised household investment, schooling, and entrepreneurship rather than just consumption. The approach interprets such results through the new economics of labor migration, in which remittances relax credit and insurance constraints. It has become the template for credible remittance evaluation.