Сравнение методов

	Интервью с экспертами	Исследование действием	Метод Дельфи	Исследование методом фокус-групп
Область	Качественные методы	Качественные исследования	Качественные методы	Качественные методы
Семейство	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Год появления	1970s–1990s (methodologically systematized)	1946	1963	1940s (sociological origin); modern applied form from the 1980s–1990s
Автор метода	Meuser & Nagel (methodological codification, 1991); roots in elite interview tradition (Dexter, 1970)	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury	Norman Dalkey & Olaf Helmer (RAND Corporation)	Robert K. Merton (sociological precursor, 1940s); popularised in applied research by Richard A. Krueger
Тип	Qualitative research method	Method	Structured iterative expert-elicitation process	Qualitative data collection method
Основополагающий источник	Bogner, A., Littig, B., & Menz, W. (Eds.). (2009). Interviewing Experts. Palgrave Macmillan.	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.	Dalkey, N. & Helmer, O. (1963). An Experimental Application of the Delphi Method to the Use of Experts. Management Science, 9(3), 458-467.	Krueger, R.A. & Casey, M.A. (2014). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (5th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483365244
Другие названия	elite interview, key informant interview, specialist interview	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry	Delphi Yöntemi, Delphi technique, expert consensus method	focus group discussion, FGD, group interview, Odak Grup Araştırması
Связанные	6	1	5	6
Сводка	The expert interview is a qualitative method in which researchers conduct in-depth, semi-structured conversations with individuals who hold specialised knowledge, experience, or decision-making authority in a defined field. Unlike general population interviews that target subjective lived experience, expert interviews treat respondents as proxies for a broader institutional or professional knowledge domain. The method is widely used in policy research, organisational studies, science and technology studies, and applied social sciences to map tacit professional knowledge, reconstruct decision processes, and triangulate documentary sources.	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.	The Delphi method is a structured, iterative survey technique developed by Norman Dalkey and Olaf Helmer at the RAND Corporation in 1963 for eliciting and converging expert opinion on complex topics where empirical data are unavailable or insufficient. It collects independent judgements from a geographically dispersed expert panel over multiple anonymous rounds, feeding aggregated results back to participants after each round so they can revise their views in light of the group's collective position.	Focus group research is a qualitative data-collection method in which a trained moderator guides structured discussions with homogeneous groups of six to ten participants to explore ideas, attitudes, and perceptions on a defined topic. Developed from sociological roots in the 1940s and systematised for applied research by Krueger and Casey, the method leverages group interaction as a data source — revealing not just what people think, but how they negotiate and articulate views in a social setting.