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	Rafinacja Rietvelda metodą XRD	Rentgenowska spektroskopia fotoelektronów
Dziedzina	Inżynieria materiałowa	Inżynieria materiałowa
Rodzina	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Rok powstania	1969	1967
Twórca	Hugo Rietveld	Kai Siegbahn
Typ	Refinement method	Analytical technique
Źródło pierwotne	Rietveld, H. M. (1969). A profile refinement method for nuclear and magnetic structures. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 2(2), 65-71.	Siegbahn, K., Nordling, C., Fahlman, A., et al. (1967). ESCA: Atomic, Molecular and Solid State Structure Studied by Means of Electron Spectroscopy. Almqvist and Wiksells.
Inne nazwy	Rietveld refinement, powder diffraction refinement	XPS, ESCA, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
Pokrewne	3	3
Podsumowanie	XRD Rietveld Refinement is a method for extracting detailed crystal structure information from powder diffraction data by comparing observed and calculated diffraction patterns through least-squares refinement. Developed by Hugo Rietveld in 1969, this technique enables determination of atomic positions, occupancies, thermal parameters, and phase fractions directly from powder data without requiring single crystals. It is the standard approach in materials characterization for structural analysis, phase identification, and quantification.	X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), also known as Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA), is a surface-sensitive analytical technique that measures the kinetic energies of photoelectrons ejected from a material by high-energy X-rays. Developed by Kai Siegbahn in 1967, XPS determines elemental composition, chemical oxidation states, and chemical bonding within ~10 nanometers of a surface. It is indispensable in materials science for surface characterization, corrosion studies, oxide analysis, and interface chemistry.