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| Urban Density Gradient Model× | Accessibility Analysis× | |
|---|---|---|
| Dziedzina | Human Geography | Human Geography |
| Rodzina≠ | Regression model | Process / pipeline |
| Rok powstania≠ | 1951 | 1959 |
| Twórca≠ | Colin Clark; Edwin Mills & Richard Muth (theory); Bruce Newling (quadratic form) | Walter G. Hansen |
| Typ≠ | Family of functional models of urban population density as a function of distance from the centre | Spatial index of the ease of reaching opportunities from a location |
| Źródło pierwotne≠ | Clark, C. (1951). Urban population densities. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General), 114(4), 490–496. DOI ↗ | Hansen, W. G. (1959). How accessibility shapes land use. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 25(2), 73–76. DOI ↗ |
| Inne nazwy | Urban Density Function, Population Density Gradient, Density-Distance Function, Monocentric Density Model | Hansen Accessibility, Gravity Accessibility Measure, Potential Accessibility, Spatial Accessibility Index |
| Pokrewne | 4 | 4 |
| Podsumowanie≠ | The urban density gradient model is the broad family of functional relationships that describe how population density varies with distance from a city's centre. Its canonical member is Colin Clark's 1951 negative-exponential form, but the family also includes Bruce Newling's quadratic-exponential function that permits a density crater at the core, simpler linear and Smeed forms, and the economic micro-foundation supplied by the Muth-Mills monocentric city model. Together these give planners and economists a compact, comparable language for urban spatial structure. | Accessibility analysis measures how easily opportunities — jobs, shops, clinics, parks — can be reached from a given location, combining the attractiveness (size) of destinations with the cost of travelling to them. The gravity-based formulation introduced by Walter Hansen in 1959 sums the opportunities at all destinations, each discounted by a distance-decay function of travel cost, producing a single accessibility score per origin that has become a foundational concept in transport geography and urban planning. |
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