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| Skala Transcendencji Duchowej (STS)× | Skala Dobrostanu Egzystencjalnego (EWB)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Dziedzina | Psychologia religii | Psychologia religii |
| Rodzina | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Rok powstania≠ | 1999 | 1982 |
| Twórca≠ | Ralph L. Piedmont | Raymond F. Paloutzian & Craig W. Ellison |
| Typ | Self-report | Self-report |
| Źródło pierwotne≠ | Piedmont, R. L. (1999). Does spirituality have a place in personality science? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(1), 3–13. link ↗ | Paloutzian, R. F., & Ellison, C. W. (1982). Loneliness, spiritual well-being, and the quality of life. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research and Therapy (pp. 224–237). Wiley. ISBN: 9780471084846. link ↗ |
| Inne nazwy | STS, Spiritual Transcendence | EWB, Existential Well-Being |
| Pokrewne | 4 | 4 |
| Podsumowanie≠ | The Spiritual Transcendence Scale (STS), developed by Piedmont in 1999, is a 24-item self-report measure of spiritual transcendence: the human capacity to experience connection to something beyond oneself—whether understood as God, nature, humanity, or the sacred. The STS conceptualizes spiritual transcendence as a personality trait distinct from religious adherence or institutional participation, measured through three facets: Prayer Fulfillment (satisfaction from spiritual practices), Universality (sense of interconnection with all people and life), and Connectedness (sense of deep connection to the divine or sacred). The scale has become influential in understanding spirituality as a psychological dimension orthogonal to the Big Five personality traits. | The Existential Well-Being Scale (EWB), developed by Paloutzian and Ellison in 1982, is a 10-item self-report measure of existential meaning and well-being: the sense that one's life has purpose, direction, and intrinsic value. Derived from the larger Spiritual Well-Being Scale (which includes religious well-being), the EWB focuses on the secular dimension of well-being—not faith or religious conviction, but existential satisfaction and sense of purpose. It has become widely used in psychology and health research to assess meaning, life satisfaction, and resilience factors protective against depression, anxiety, and suicide. |
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