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	Transaction Cost Economics Analysis	Diversification-Performance Analysis (Rumelt Categories)
Dziedzina	Zarządzanie strategiczne	Zarządzanie strategiczne
Rodzina	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Rok powstania	1979	1974
Twórca	Oliver E. Williamson	Richard P. Rumelt; Krishna Palepu
Typ	Comparative-governance framework for organizing transactions efficiently	Classification-and-comparison pipeline relating diversification type to firm performance
Źródło pierwotne	Williamson, O. E. (1985). The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting. New York: Free Press. ISBN: 9780029348208	Rumelt, R. P. (1974). Strategy, Structure, and Economic Performance. Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University. ISBN: 9780875841090
Inne nazwy	Transaction Cost Economics (TCE), Make-or-Buy Governance Analysis, Asset Specificity Governance Analysis, Markets-and-Hierarchies Analysis	Rumelt Diversification Category Analysis, Related vs Unrelated Diversification Analysis, Corporate Diversification Strategy Classification, Diversification Strategy-Performance Linkage
Pokrewne	3	3
Podsumowanie	Transaction cost economics (TCE) analysis explains how firms should organize their economic exchanges -- whether to buy on the market, make in-house, or use a hybrid arrangement -- by minimizing the sum of production and transaction costs. Building on Coase's question of why firms exist, Oliver Williamson's 1979 article and 1985 book The Economic Institutions of Capitalism developed a comparative framework in which the efficient governance of a transaction depends on its attributes, above all asset specificity, together with uncertainty and frequency. Because human actors are boundedly rational and potentially opportunistic, contracts are inevitably incomplete; when a transaction requires investments specialized to a particular partner, those investments create quasi-rents that the partner can try to expropriate -- the hold-up problem. The central prescription, the discriminating-alignment hypothesis, is to match each transaction to the governance structure -- market, hybrid, or hierarchy -- that economizes on these transaction costs, making the make-or-buy decision a question of comparative institutional efficiency.	Diversification-performance analysis asks whether the kind of diversification a firm pursues — staying focused, expanding into related businesses, or building an unrelated conglomerate — is systematically associated with how well the firm performs. The categorical version originates with Rumelt's 1974 Strategy, Structure, and Economic Performance, which classified diversified firms by specialization and relatedness ratios into single-business, dominant-business, related, and unrelated types and found that related diversifiers tended to outperform unrelated ones. Palepu's 1985 study reframed diversification with the continuous Jacquemin-Berry entropy measure, again finding that related diversification was associated with superior profit growth, and showed how the index approach and Rumelt's categorical method can be combined to gain both objectivity and conceptual richness.