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| Znormalizowany wskaźnik ewapotranspiracji opadowej× | Ogólny Model Cyrkulacyjny× | |
|---|---|---|
| Dziedzina | Geofizyka | Geofizyka |
| Rodzina | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Rok powstania≠ | 2010 | 1975 |
| Twórca≠ | Vicente-Serrano, Beguería, and López-Moreno | Syukuro Manabe and Richard Wetherald |
| Typ≠ | Probability-based water deficit indicator | Deterministic coupled atmosphere-ocean simulation |
| Źródło pierwotne≠ | Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Beguería, S., & López-Moreno, J. I. (2010). A multiscalar drought index sensitive to global warming: the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index. Journal of Climate, 23(7), 1696-1718. DOI ↗ | Manabe, S., & Wetherald, R. T. (1975). The effects of doubling the CO2 concentration on the climate of a general circulation model. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 32(1), 3-15. DOI ↗ |
| Inne nazwy≠ | SPEI | GCM, Global Climate Model |
| Pokrewne | 3 | 3 |
| Podsumowanie≠ | The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) is a climate index that combines precipitation and temperature (via reference evapotranspiration) to characterize water deficits and droughts. Developed by Vicente-Serrano and colleagues in 2010, SPEI extends the SPI framework to account for the combined effect of precipitation deficiency and increased evaporative demand from warming, providing a more physically-based drought metric than precipitation-only indices. | A General Circulation Model (GCM), also called a Global Climate Model, is a three-dimensional numerical representation of the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, ice, and land surface that simulates physical processes governing weather and climate. Pioneered by Manabe and Wetherald in 1975, GCMs are the primary tools for understanding past climate, projecting future climate change, and investigating climate sensitivity to greenhouse gases and other forcings. |
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