Porównaj metody

	Selective Optimization with Compensation Measurement	Characteristics Approach to Population Aging
Dziedzina	Social Gerontology	Social Gerontology
Rodzina	Latent structure	Survival analysis
Rok powstania	1990	2013
Twórca	Paul B. Baltes & Margret M. Baltes	Warren C. Sanderson and Sergei Scherbov
Typ	Life-span developmental model with self-report operationalization	Framework for measuring population aging by characteristics rather than chronological age
Źródło pierwotne	Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1990). Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation. In P. B. Baltes & M. M. Baltes (Eds.), Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences (pp. 1-34). Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521437820	Sanderson, W. C., & Scherbov, S. (2013). The characteristics approach to the measurement of population aging. Population and Development Review, 39(4), 673-685.
Inne nazwy	SOC Model, Baltes SOC Questionnaire, Selection Optimization Compensation, Life-Management Strategies Scale	Characteristics-Based Aging Measures, Sanderson-Scherbov Characteristics Approach, Alpha-Age Approach, Equivalent-Age Method
Pokrewne	3	3
Podsumowanie	Selective optimization with compensation (SOC) is a life-span developmental model that explains how people manage the shifting balance of gains and losses across adulthood and old age to maintain functioning and wellbeing. Proposed by Paul Baltes and Margret Baltes in 1990 as a general theory of successful aging, it holds that adaptive development rests on the orchestrated use of three strategies: selection of goals and domains, optimization of the means and resources devoted to those goals, and compensation for losses through alternative means. The model is deliberately metatheoretical, applying from the molecular level of a single skill to the broad organization of a life, and it provided gerontology with a proactive account of agency in aging rather than a story of inevitable decline. Beyond the conceptual model, Baltes and colleagues developed a self-report SOC questionnaire that operationalizes the four facets, turning the theory into a measurable individual-difference construct. Empirically, greater reported use of SOC strategies is associated with higher subjective wellbeing, life satisfaction, and successful-aging outcomes. The framework remains one of the most influential accounts of how individuals adapt to the constraints of later life.	The characteristics approach reconceptualizes what it means to be 'old' by measuring age through people's characteristics rather than the number of years since birth. Developed by Warren Sanderson and Sergei Scherbov and set out comprehensively in their 2013 Population and Development Review article, it responds to the fact that conventional aging measures treat a fixed chronological age, such as 65, as a permanent marker of old age even though people at 65 today are healthier and longer-lived than their counterparts decades ago. The core idea is that many relevant attributes, such as remaining life expectancy, health, cognitive function, and disability, vary with both age and time, so old age should be defined by reaching a given level of such a characteristic rather than a fixed birthday. The approach computes equivalent or 'alpha' ages, the ages at which a characteristic takes a chosen reference value, and uses them to build characteristic-based aging indicators. Comparing these with conventional measures often shows that populations are aging more slowly, or even getting younger on some dimensions, than chronological measures suggest. The framework has reshaped how demographers assess the consequences of population aging.