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	Skala Newcastle-Ottawa do oceny jakości badań obserwacyjnych	Profilowanie dowodów GRADE: Ocena pewności dowodów i siły zaleceń
Dziedzina	Metodologia badań	Metodologia badań
Rodzina	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Rok powstania	2000	2008
Twórca	Wells et al. (Ottawa Hospital Research Institute)	Guyatt et al. (GRADE Working Group)
Typ	Research team assessment	Research team / Guideline panel assessment
Źródło pierwotne	Wells, G. A., Shea, B., O'Connell, D., Peterson, J., Welch, V., Losos, M., & Tugwell, P. (2000). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Retrieved from Ottawa Hospital Research Institute.	Guyatt, G., Oxman, A. D., Vist, G. E., Kunz, R., Falck-Ytter, Y., Alonso-Coello, P., & Schünemann, H. J. (2008). GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ, 336(7650), 924–926.
Inne nazwy	NOS	GRADE, GRADE approach
Pokrewne	4	4
Podsumowanie	The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) is a widely used tool for assessing the methodological quality of observational studies (case-control and cohort designs) included in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Developed by Wells et al. at Ottawa Hospital in 2000, it provides explicit criteria and a star-based scoring system that enables transparent, quantitative comparison of study quality across evidence syntheses.	GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) is a systematic, transparent framework for assessing the certainty of evidence and determining the strength of clinical recommendations in healthcare. Published in 2008 by Guyatt et al., GRADE has become the international standard for guideline development, used by the World Health Organization, Cochrane, and most major clinical guideline organizations worldwide.