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	Malmquist Firm Productivity Index	Stochastic Frontier Firm Efficiency Analysis
Dziedzina	Zarządzanie strategiczne	Zarządzanie strategiczne
Rodzina	MCDM	Regression model
Rok powstania	1994	1977
Twórca	Rolf Fare, Shawna Grosskopf, Mary Norris & Zhongyang Zhang; Douglas Caves, Laurits Christensen & Erwin Diewert	Dennis Aigner, C. A. Knox Lovell & Peter Schmidt; George Battese & Tim Coelli
Typ	Distance-function index of total factor productivity change for firms	Parametric composed-error regression frontier for firm efficiency
Źródło pierwotne	Fare, R., Grosskopf, S., Norris, M., & Zhang, Z. (1994). Productivity growth, technical progress, and efficiency change in industrialized countries. American Economic Review, 84(1), 66-83.	Aigner, D., Lovell, C. A. K., & Schmidt, P. (1977). Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production function models. Journal of Econometrics, 6(1), 21-37.
Inne nazwy	Malmquist TFP Index for Firms, Firm Productivity Change Decomposition, Distance-Function Productivity Index, Malmquist Total Factor Productivity Index	SFA Firm Technical Inefficiency, Parametric Production Frontier Estimation, Composed-Error Efficiency Model, Stochastic Frontier Production Function for Firms
Pokrewne	3	3
Podsumowanie	The Malmquist firm productivity index measures how a firm's total factor productivity changes between two periods and decomposes that change into two strategically meaningful parts: catching up to best practice (efficiency change) and the best-practice frontier itself shifting (technical change). The index is grounded in Caves, Christensen and Diewert's 1982 theory of productivity index numbers built from distance functions, and was made operational for empirical work by Fare, Grosskopf, Norris and Zhang in 1994, who showed how to compute it from data using linear-programming distance functions and to split it into efficiency-change and frontier-shift components. For firms, it answers whether productivity gains came from better management closing the gap to the leaders or from the whole industry's technological possibilities expanding.	Stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) estimates how far a firm falls short of the best attainable output for its inputs while explicitly separating that shortfall from random noise. Aigner, Lovell and Schmidt's 1977 model introduced the defining idea: a production frontier whose error term is the sum of a symmetric, two-sided noise component and a one-sided, nonnegative inefficiency component. Because deviations below the frontier can come either from bad luck and measurement error or from genuine underperformance, SFA models both and recovers a firm-specific technical-efficiency estimate. Battese and Coelli's 1995 panel-data extension let the mean of the inefficiency term depend on firm characteristics, so analysts can simultaneously estimate the frontier and explain why some firms are more inefficient than others.