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| Issue Framing Experiment× | Political Knowledge Scale× | |
|---|---|---|
| Dziedzina | Psychologia polityczna | Psychologia polityczna |
| Rodzina | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Rok powstania≠ | 1997 | 1993 |
| Twórca≠ | Thomas Nelson; Dennis Chong & James Druckman | Michael Delli Carpini & Scott Keeter |
| Typ≠ | Survey/lab experiment | Factual knowledge battery |
| Źródło pierwotne≠ | Nelson, T. E., Clawson, R. A., & Oxley, Z. M. (1997). Media framing of a civil liberties conflict and its effect on tolerance. American Political Science Review, 91(3), 567-583. DOI ↗ | Delli Carpini, M. X., & Keeter, S. (1993). Measuring political knowledge: Putting first things first. American Journal of Political Science, 37(4), 1179-1206. DOI ↗ |
| Inne nazwy | Framing Effects Experiment, Emphasis Framing Study, Equivalence Framing Experiment | Civic Knowledge Battery, Factual Political Knowledge Index, Delli Carpini-Keeter Knowledge Items |
| Pokrewne | 4 | 4 |
| Podsumowanie≠ | An issue framing experiment manipulates how a political issue is described, emphasizing different considerations, to test how framing shifts opinion. Nelson, Clawson and Oxley's (1997) classic study showed that framing a Klan rally as a free-speech issue versus a public-order issue changed tolerance judgments, and Chong and Druckman (2007) systematized framing theory and the experimental methods used to estimate framing effects. | The Political Knowledge Scale measures the range of factual information about politics that citizens hold and can retrieve, operationalized as a battery of factual quiz items. Delli Carpini and Keeter (1993, 1996) established the canonical short batteries (often five items) and argued that general political knowledge, not domain-specific information, is the most useful and reliable construct for survey research. |
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