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	Ogólny Model Cyrkulacyjny	NDVI	Model sprzężony ocean-atmosfera
Dziedzina	Geofizyka	Geofizyka	Geofizyka
Rodzina	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Rok powstania	1975	1973	1975
Twórca	Syukuro Manabe and Richard Wetherald	Rouse, Haas, Schell, and Deering	Syukuro Manabe, Kirk Bryan, and others
Typ	Deterministic coupled atmosphere-ocean simulation	Spectral index for vegetation assessment	Coupled atmosphere-ocean climate system simulation
Źródło pierwotne	Manabe, S., & Wetherald, R. T. (1975). The effects of doubling the CO2 concentration on the climate of a general circulation model. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 32(1), 3-15.	Rouse, J. W., Haas, R. H., Schell, J. A., & Deering, D. W. (1973). Monitoring vegetation systems in the Great Plains with ERTS. Third Earth Resources Technology Satellite Symposium Proceedings, 1, 309-317.	Manabe, S., Bryan, K., & Spelman, M. J. (1975). A global ocean-atmosphere climate model with seasonal variation for future studies of climate sensitivity. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 5(1), 3-29.
Inne nazwy	GCM, Global Climate Model	NDVI	AOGCM
Pokrewne	3	3	3
Podsumowanie	A General Circulation Model (GCM), also called a Global Climate Model, is a three-dimensional numerical representation of the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, ice, and land surface that simulates physical processes governing weather and climate. Pioneered by Manabe and Wetherald in 1975, GCMs are the primary tools for understanding past climate, projecting future climate change, and investigating climate sensitivity to greenhouse gases and other forcings.	The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a spectral index computed from satellite or aerial multispectral imagery that quantifies vegetation greenness and vigor. Introduced by Rouse and colleagues in 1973 using Landsat data, NDVI has become the most widely used remote sensing metric for vegetation monitoring, drought assessment, crop productivity forecasting, and land cover change detection.	An Ocean-Atmosphere Coupled Model (AOGCM) is a comprehensive climate simulation that couples dynamic general circulation models of the atmosphere and ocean with explicit exchange of heat, momentum, and moisture at the interface. Developed by Manabe, Bryan, and colleagues in the 1970s, coupled models are essential for simulating climate change, ocean circulation changes, and climate-ocean interactions over decadal to centennial timescales.