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	Aktualizacja i kalibracja modelu metodą elementów skończonych	Metoda Drugiego Rzędu (SORM)
Dziedzina	Inżynieria niezawodności	Inżynieria niezawodności
Rodzina	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Rok powstania	2001	1979
Twórca	John Mottershead and Michael Friswell	Bernd Fiessler
Typ	System identification methodology	Reliability analysis method
Źródło pierwotne	Mottershead, J. E., Link, M., & Friswell, M. I. (2011). The sensitivity method in finite element model updating: A tutorial. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 25(7), 2275-2296.	Fiessler, B., Neumann, H. J., & Rackwitz, R. (1979). Quadratic limit states in structural reliability. Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, 105(4), 661-676.
Inne nazwy	Model updating, Model calibration, FEM updating	SORM, Second-order approximation
Pokrewne	4	4
Podsumowanie	Finite Element Model (FEM) Updating is the process of refining a numerical structural model to match measured behavior (modal properties, vibrations, static displacements) from the physical structure. By comparing computational predictions to experimental data and systematically adjusting uncertain model parameters (material properties, boundary conditions, joint stiffness), engineers create more accurate models for design decisions, damage detection, and life prediction. Formalized by Mottershead and Friswell, FEM updating bridges the gap between idealized computer models and real-world structures.	The Second-Order Reliability Method (SORM) is an extension of FORM that improves failure probability estimates by accounting for the curvature of the limit-state surface at the design point. Introduced by Fiessler, Neumann, and Rackwitz in 1979, SORM provides more accurate approximations for nonlinear failure surfaces while remaining computationally efficient. It has become the standard refinement when FORM accuracy is insufficient.