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	Łańcuch dostaw o obiegu zamkniętym	Zarządzanie zapasami przez dostawcę
Dziedzina	Zarządzanie operacyjne	Zarządzanie operacyjne
Rodzina	Machine learning	Machine learning
Rok powstania	2003	2006
Twórca	Guide, V. D. R., & Van Wassenhove, L. N.	Disney, S. M., & Towill, D. R.
Typ	Supply chain strategy	Business and inventory model
Źródło pierwotne	Guide, V. D. R., & Van Wassenhove, L. N. (2003). Business aspects of closed-loop supply chains. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon University Press.	Disney, S. M., & Towill, D. R. (2006). Vendor-managed inventory: A taxonomy of approaches and implications. International Journal of Production Economics, 106(2), 440-456.
Inne nazwy	reverse logistics, circular economy logistics	VMI, supplier-managed inventory
Pokrewne	5	5
Podsumowanie	A closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) integrates forward logistics (moving products to customers) with reverse logistics (recovering products, components, or materials from customers) to optimize resource recovery, reduce waste, and minimize environmental impact. Products flow forward for customer use, then flow backward for remanufacturing, refurbishment, recycling, or proper disposal. CLSC is driven by regulatory compliance (e.g., take-back laws), cost recovery, environmental responsibility, and increasingly, customer demand for sustainable business practices.	Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI) is a supply chain arrangement in which the supplier (vendor) has visibility into the customer's inventory levels and assumes responsibility for replenishing inventory to pre-agreed levels. Rather than customers placing orders based on internal forecasts, the supplier monitors actual consumption and triggers replenishment shipments automatically. VMI reduces administrative burden, minimizes stock-outs, improves cash flow (by reducing inventory in the supply chain), and fosters collaboration between supplier and customer.