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	Narzędzia do zarządzania bibliografią	Operatory wyszukiwania boolowskiego	System Identyfikatorów Obiektów Cyfrowych
Dziedzina	Umiejętności badawcze	Umiejętności badawcze	Umiejętności badawcze
Rodzina	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Rok powstania	2001 (modern era, EndNoteWeb); 2006 (Mendeley); 2006 (Zotero)	1847 (Boolean algebra); 1960s (database applications)	1998 (concept); 2001 (widespread adoption)
Twórca	Academic researchers and librarians; developed since 1980s	George Boole and IT information retrieval practitioners	Norman Paskin, CrossRef and International DOI Foundation (1998)
Typ	Tool	Tool	Standard
Źródło pierwotne	Booth, A. (2012). Citation management tools. In R. Bosch & K. Winn (Eds.), Reference management and citation software. Library Technology Reports, 48(5), 12–18.	Wilkinson, M. D., Sansone, S. A., Vandervalk, B., & Rocca-Serra, P. (2011). Evaluating information retrieval systems: a guide for researchers. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 11(2), 181–190.	Paskin, N. (2010). Digital Object Identifier (DOI) system. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, 3rd ed., 1586–1592. ISBN: 978-0-8493-9712-7
Inne nazwy	reference manager, citation software, bibliographic management	Boolean logic, Boolean search, AND OR NOT	DOI, Digital Object Identifier, persistent identifier
Pokrewne	3	2	4
Podsumowanie	Citation management tools are software applications that store, organize, and format bibliographic references. They allow researchers to import citations from databases and websites, annotate and tag articles, organize references by project, and automatically generate formatted in-text citations and bibliographies in multiple styles (APA, Vancouver, Chicago, Harvard). Popular tools include Zotero (free, open-source), Mendeley (Elsevier-owned, freemium), EndNote (commercial, Clarivate), and others. These tools are essential for managing the hundreds to thousands of references accumulate during a research career and for ensuring consistent, accurate citation formatting in academic writing.	Boolean search operators are logical functions—AND, OR, NOT, and parentheses—used to combine and filter search terms in bibliographic databases, library catalogs, and search engines. Named after mathematician George Boole (1815–1864), Boolean logic has been applied to information retrieval since the 1960s. These operators allow researchers to construct complex, precise searches that retrieve only articles meeting specific combinations of criteria, dramatically improving search efficiency and reducing irrelevant results.	A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique, persistent alphanumeric code that identifies a scholarly work (journal article, book chapter, dataset, preprint) and persists even if the URL changes. Introduced in 1998 by Norman Paskin and the International DOI Foundation, DOIs are now standard in academic publishing. They consist of a prefix (assigned to a publisher or organization) and a suffix (assigned to an individual work), formatted as 10.XXXX/XXXXX (e.g., 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097). DOIs are registered with international agencies (CrossRef, DataCite, mEDRA) and resolve through the centralized resolver https://doi.org/, ensuring that a DOI will direct users to the correct article regardless of whether the publisher's website changes location.