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	Skala Depresji w Badaniach Epidemiologicznych (CES-D)	Kwestionariusz Ogólnego Stanu Zdrowia-12 (GHQ-12)	Skala Lęku i Depresji w Szpitalu (HADS)
Dziedzina	Psychologia kliniczna	Psychologia kliniczna	Psychologia kliniczna
Rodzina	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Rok powstania	1977	1992	1983
Twórca	Lenore Sawyer Radloff	David P. Goldberg	Andrew S. Zigmond and Richard P. Snaith
Typ	Community-based depression assessment	Psychiatric symptom screening	Anxiety and depression screening in medical populations
Źródło pierwotne	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.	Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. Oxford University Press.	Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361-370.
Inne nazwy	CES-D, CESD	GHQ-12, GHQ	HADS, HADS-A, HADS-D
Pokrewne	5	5	4
Podsumowanie	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.	The General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) is a brief, 12-item self-report screening instrument for psychological distress and mental health problems in the general population. Developed by David P. Goldberg, the GHQ-12 is the most widely used short form of the longer General Health Questionnaire series. It is designed for rapid detection of minor psychiatric morbidity and assessment of psychological well-being in clinical, occupational health, and community settings.	The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a 14-item self-report instrument measuring anxiety and depression symptoms in medically ill populations. Developed by Zigmond and Snaith in 1983, the HADS was specifically designed for hospital and general medical settings where somatic symptoms of medical illness may confound assessment. It remains the standard anxiety-depression measure in medical, oncology, and cardiac populations worldwide.