Methoden vergelijken

	Kritische etnografie	Action Research	Grounded Theory
Vakgebied	Kwalitatief	Kwalitatief onderzoek	Kwalitatief onderzoek
Familie	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Jaar van ontstaan	Late 20th century (~1980s–1993 systematisation)	1946	1967
Grondlegger	Jim Thomas (systematised); rooted in Frankfurt School critical theory (Adorno, Horkheimer) and feminist/postcolonial traditions	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury	Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss
Type	Qualitative research method	Method	Method
Oorspronkelijke bron	Thomas, J. (1993). Doing Critical Ethnography. Sage Publications.	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.	Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.
Aliassen	critical ethnographic research, critical qualitative ethnography, advocacy ethnography, emancipatory ethnography	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry	GT, Grounded Theory Approach
Verwant	6	1	3
Samenvatting	Critical ethnography is a qualitative research approach that combines sustained fieldwork immersion with explicit critical theory to examine how power, inequality, and ideology shape the lived experiences of marginalised communities. Unlike conventional ethnography, which aims to describe a culture as it is, critical ethnography commits the researcher to questioning what is taken for granted and to producing knowledge that can serve as a resource for social change. Rooted in Frankfurt School critical theory and expanded through feminist, postcolonial, and race-critical traditions, it treats the research process itself as a political act.	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.	Grounded Theory (GT) is a systematic qualitative research methodology in which theory emerges directly from data through iterative analysis, rather than being imposed before data collection. Developed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in 1967, GT prioritizes generating explanatory frameworks grounded in evidence.