Gender Empowerment Measure
The Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) is a UNDP composite introduced in the 1995 Human Development Report to capture gender inequality in agency and opportunity rather than in basic capabilities. It combines women's and men's shares of parliamentary seats, of senior administrative and managerial as well as professional and technical positions, and their relative earned income, aggregating them into an index that emphasises participation in economic and political decision-making.
Baca kaedah sepenuhnya
Log masuk dengan akaun percuma untuk membaca bahagian ini.
Peta kaedah
Kejiranan kaedah berkaitan — pilih satu nod untuk meneroka.
Sumber
- United Nations Development Programme (1995). Human Development Report 1995 — Gender and Human Development. Oxford University Press / UNDP. link ↗
- Klugman, J., Rodríguez, F., & Choi, H.-J. (2011). The HDI 2010: New controversies, old critiques. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 9(2), 249–288. DOI: 10.1007/s10888-011-9178-z ↗
- Klasen, S. (2006). UNDP's gender-related measures: Some conceptual problems and possible solutions. Journal of Human Development, 7(2), 243–274. DOI: 10.1080/14649880600768595 ↗
Cara memetik halaman ini
ScholarGate. (2026, June 22). Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM). ScholarGate. https://scholargate.app/ms/gender-studies/gender-empowerment-measure
Kaedah yang mana?
Letakkan kaedah ini di sebelah kaedah yang paling rapat dengannya dan baca secara bersebelahan — perpustakaan menyusun buku di atas meja; pilihan terletak pada anda.
- Gender Development IndexGender Studies↔ banding
- Gender Inequality IndexGender Studies↔ banding
- Global Gender Gap IndexGender Studies↔ banding
- Women's Empowerment in Agriculture IndexGender Studies↔ banding
Dirujuk oleh
Kaedah serupa
Terjumpa masalah pada halaman ini? Laporkan atau cadangkan pembetulan →