Hierarchical Linear Modeling
Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM), also known as Multilevel Modeling (MLM), is a parametric statistical method for analyzing nested or clustered data — for example students within classrooms, patients within hospitals, or employees within organizations. Formalized by Raudenbush and Bryk in their 2002 seminal text (building on work from the mid-1980s), HLM simultaneously estimates individual-level and group-level effects while correctly partitioning variance across levels.
Rekod sumber
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- Raudenbush, S.W. & Bryk, A.S. (2002). Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods (2nd ed.). Sage. · ISBN 978-0761919049
- Hox, J.J. (2010). Multilevel Analysis: Techniques and Applications (2nd ed.). Routledge. · DOI 10.4324/9780203852279
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