Bandingkan kaedah

	Inventori Diurus Pembekal	Kesan Buntut Duga (Bullwhip Effect)
Bidang	Pengurusan Operasi	Pengurusan Operasi
Keluarga	Machine learning	Machine learning
Tahun asal	2006	1961
Pengasas	Disney, S. M., & Towill, D. R.	Jay Forrester
Jenis	Business and inventory model	Phenomenon and analysis framework
Sumber perintis	Disney, S. M., & Towill, D. R. (2006). Vendor-managed inventory: A taxonomy of approaches and implications. International Journal of Production Economics, 106(2), 440-456.	Lee, H. L., Padmanabhan, V., & Whang, S. (1997). The bullwhip effect in supply chains. Sloan Management Review, 38(3), 93–102.
Alias	VMI, supplier-managed inventory	demand amplification, Forrester effect
Berkaitan	5	5
Ringkasan	Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI) is a supply chain arrangement in which the supplier (vendor) has visibility into the customer's inventory levels and assumes responsibility for replenishing inventory to pre-agreed levels. Rather than customers placing orders based on internal forecasts, the supplier monitors actual consumption and triggers replenishment shipments automatically. VMI reduces administrative burden, minimizes stock-outs, improves cash flow (by reducing inventory in the supply chain), and fosters collaboration between supplier and customer.	The Bullwhip Effect is a phenomenon in supply chain management where small fluctuations in end-customer demand cause progressively larger fluctuations in orders as one moves upstream from retail to distributors to manufacturers to suppliers. First formally documented by Jay Forrester in his 1961 system dynamics work, and later popularized by Lee, Padmanabhan, and Whang in 1997, the effect reveals how information delays and ordering strategies amplify demand variability throughout supply chains, leading to excess inventory, inefficient production scheduling, and increased costs.