Bandingkan kaedah

	Reka Bentuk Kaedah Campuran Transformatif	Kajian Tindakan Partisipatif (PAR)
Bidang	Reka Bentuk Penyelidikan	Kualitatif
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	2003–2009	1940s (Lewin); PAR as distinct tradition formalised ~1970s–1980s
Pengasas	Donna M. Mertens; John W. Creswell & Vicki L. Plano Clark	Kurt Lewin (action research foundations, 1940s); systematised for participatory contexts by Orlando Fals Borda, Paulo Freire, and William Foote Whyte
Jenis	Mixed methods research design	Qualitative research method
Sumber perintis	Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483344379	Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research. Springer.
Alias	transformative design, advocacy mixed methods, emancipatory mixed methods, social-justice mixed methods	PAR, community-based participatory research, collaborative action research, participatory inquiry
Berkaitan	6	6
Ringkasan	Transformative mixed methods design embeds a social-justice or advocacy theoretical framework — such as feminism, critical race theory, disability studies, or indigenous worldviews — as the overarching lens that guides every decision about data collection, integration, and use. Both quantitative and qualitative strands serve the goal of advancing equity, challenging power structures, and producing actionable knowledge for marginalized communities.	Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative, community-centred methodology in which researchers and community members collaborate as co-investigators to identify a shared problem, take deliberate action, observe outcomes, and reflect critically on results — cycling iteratively until meaningful change is achieved. Unlike conventional research that studies people from the outside, PAR treats participants as active agents who co-own the research process, the knowledge produced, and the practical interventions that follow.