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| Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ)× | Soal Selidik Orientasi Tugasan dan Ego dalam Sukan (TEOSQ)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Psikologi Sukan | Psikologi Sukan |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 1985 | 1992 |
| Pengasas≠ | Albert Carron, W. Neil Widmeyer, Lawrence Brawley | Joan Duda, John Nicholls |
| Jenis≠ | Self-report team/group cohesion questionnaire | Self-report achievement goal orientation questionnaire |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Carron, A. V., Widmeyer, W. N., & Brawley, L. R. (1985). The development of an instrument to assess cohesiveness in sport teams: The Group Environment Questionnaire. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7(3), 244–266. DOI ↗ | Duda, J. L., & Nicholls, J. G. (1992). Dimensions of achievement motivation in schoolwork and sport. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(3), 290–299. DOI ↗ |
| Alias≠ | GEQ, Team Cohesion, Group Cohesion | TEOSQ, Task Ego Orientation |
| Berkaitan | 4 | 4 |
| Ringkasan≠ | The GEQ is an 18-item instrument measuring team cohesion—the degree to which team members feel attracted to the group and perceive the group as unified around shared task and social goals. Developed by Carron, Widmeyer, and Brawley in 1985, the GEQ has become the gold standard for measuring cohesion in sport teams and is used to predict team performance, member satisfaction, and team retention. | The TEOSQ is a 13-item questionnaire measuring achievement goal orientation in sport: the underlying reasons athletes define success and pursue achievement. Developed by Duda and Nicholls in 1992, the TEOSQ has become a cornerstone instrument for understanding athlete motivation, resilience, and response to failure. |
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