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| Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ)× | Soal Selidik Ketabahan Mental (MTQ48)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Psikologi Sukan | Psikologi Sukan |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 1985 | 2002 |
| Pengasas≠ | Albert Carron, W. Neil Widmeyer, Lawrence Brawley | Peter Clough, Keith Earle, David Sewell |
| Jenis≠ | Self-report team/group cohesion questionnaire | Self-report mental toughness and resilience questionnaire |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Carron, A. V., Widmeyer, W. N., & Brawley, L. R. (1985). The development of an instrument to assess cohesiveness in sport teams: The Group Environment Questionnaire. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7(3), 244–266. DOI ↗ | Clough, P. J., Earle, K., & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental toughness: A definition and measured construct. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 169–187. link ↗ |
| Alias | GEQ, Team Cohesion, Group Cohesion | MTQ48, Mental Toughness, 4Cs |
| Berkaitan | 4 | 4 |
| Ringkasan≠ | The GEQ is an 18-item instrument measuring team cohesion—the degree to which team members feel attracted to the group and perceive the group as unified around shared task and social goals. Developed by Carron, Widmeyer, and Brawley in 1985, the GEQ has become the gold standard for measuring cohesion in sport teams and is used to predict team performance, member satisfaction, and team retention. | The MTQ48 is a 48-item instrument measuring mental toughness—the capacity to perform well under pressure, persist through adversity, maintain emotional control, and sustain commitment toward goals. Developed by Clough, Earle, and Sewell in 2002, the MTQ48 operationalizes mental toughness across four dimensions (the '4Cs': Control, Commitment, Challenge, and Confidence) and has become widely adopted in sport psychology, talent development, and organizational psychology for identifying and developing psychological resilience. |
| ScholarGateSet data ↗ |
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