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| Indeks Sejatan Peluh Piawai× | Indeks Kerpasan Bpiawai× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Geofizik | Geofizik |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 2010 | 1993 |
| Pengasas≠ | Vicente-Serrano, Beguería, and López-Moreno | Thomas McKee, Neil Doesken, and John Kleist |
| Jenis≠ | Probability-based water deficit indicator | Probabilistic drought indicator |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Beguería, S., & López-Moreno, J. I. (2010). A multiscalar drought index sensitive to global warming: the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index. Journal of Climate, 23(7), 1696-1718. DOI ↗ | McKee, T. B., Doesken, N. J., & Kleist, J. (1993). The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales. Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Applied Climatology, 179-184. link ↗ |
| Alias | SPEI | SPI |
| Berkaitan | 3 | 3 |
| Ringkasan≠ | The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) is a climate index that combines precipitation and temperature (via reference evapotranspiration) to characterize water deficits and droughts. Developed by Vicente-Serrano and colleagues in 2010, SPEI extends the SPI framework to account for the combined effect of precipitation deficiency and increased evaporative demand from warming, providing a more physically-based drought metric than precipitation-only indices. | The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is a climate index that quantifies precipitation anomalies relative to historical norms, standardized to account for differences in precipitation climatology across regions. Introduced by McKee, Doesken, and Kleist in 1993, SPI has become a primary tool for drought detection and characterization, adopted by meteorological agencies worldwide for operational drought monitoring and early warning systems. |
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