Bandingkan kaedah

	Analisis Sensitiviti Spatial untuk Kausaliti	Model Ralat Angkasa (SEM)
Bidang	Inferens Kausal	Analisis Reruang
Keluarga	Regression model	Regression model
Tahun asal	1988–2021 (developed progressively)	1988
Pengasas	Anselin (1988) for spatial diagnostics; Reich et al. (2021) for spatial causal frameworks	Anselin
Jenis	Sensitivity / robustness analysis	Spatial regression (spatially autocorrelated errors)
Sumber perintis	Anselin, L. (1988). Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. ISBN: 978-9024737322	Anselin, L. (1988). Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Kluwer Academic.
Alias	spatial causal sensitivity, spatial robustness checks, SSAC, spatial confounding sensitivity	SEM, spatial error regression, spatial autoregressive error model, Uzamsal Hata Modeli (SEM / Spatial Error)
Berkaitan	6	5
Ringkasan	Spatial sensitivity analysis for causality systematically tests whether a causal estimate derived from georeferenced data holds up as spatial structure, spillovers, and the choice of spatial weights matrix are varied. Because nearby units often share unmeasured confounders — soil quality, local infrastructure, neighbourhood norms — a naive regression may yield biased causal estimates. This method reveals how fragile or robust a claimed causal effect is to alternative spatial specifications.	The Spatial Error Model, developed within Anselin's spatial econometrics framework (1988), is a regression model that assumes spatial dependence enters through the error term: the disturbances of neighbouring units are correlated. It is used when unobserved shared factors make the errors of nearby observations move together, and it is estimated by maximum likelihood or GMM rather than ordinary least squares.