Bandingkan kaedah

	Selective Optimization with Compensation Measurement	Active Ageing Index
Bidang	Social Gerontology	Social Gerontology
Keluarga	Latent structure	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1990	2013
Pengasas	Paul B. Baltes & Margret M. Baltes	Asghar Zaidi and colleagues (UNECE and European Commission, European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research)
Jenis	Life-span developmental model with self-report operationalization	Composite index of the untapped potential of older people for active ageing
Sumber perintis	Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1990). Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation. In P. B. Baltes & M. M. Baltes (Eds.), Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences (pp. 1-34). Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521437820	Zaidi, A., Gasior, K., Hofmarcher, M. M., Lelkes, O., Marin, B., Rodrigues, R., Schmidt, A., Vanhuysse, P., & Zolyomi, E. (2013). Active Ageing Index 2012: Concept, Methodology and Final Results. European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research, Vienna.
Alias	SOC Model, Baltes SOC Questionnaire, Selection Optimization Compensation, Life-Management Strategies Scale	AAI, UNECE Active Ageing Index, Active Aging Index, EU Active Ageing Index
Berkaitan	3	4
Ringkasan	Selective optimization with compensation (SOC) is a life-span developmental model that explains how people manage the shifting balance of gains and losses across adulthood and old age to maintain functioning and wellbeing. Proposed by Paul Baltes and Margret Baltes in 1990 as a general theory of successful aging, it holds that adaptive development rests on the orchestrated use of three strategies: selection of goals and domains, optimization of the means and resources devoted to those goals, and compensation for losses through alternative means. The model is deliberately metatheoretical, applying from the molecular level of a single skill to the broad organization of a life, and it provided gerontology with a proactive account of agency in aging rather than a story of inevitable decline. Beyond the conceptual model, Baltes and colleagues developed a self-report SOC questionnaire that operationalizes the four facets, turning the theory into a measurable individual-difference construct. Empirically, greater reported use of SOC strategies is associated with higher subjective wellbeing, life satisfaction, and successful-aging outcomes. The framework remains one of the most influential accounts of how individuals adapt to the constraints of later life.	The Active Ageing Index (AAI) is a composite indicator that measures the untapped potential of older people to contribute to the economy and society and to live independently. Developed jointly by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and the European Commission and documented by Asghar Zaidi and colleagues in 2013, it summarizes how far older men and women realize their potential for active and healthy ageing. The index is organized into four domains: employment; participation in society; independent, healthy, and secure living; and capacity and the enabling environment for active ageing. Across these domains it aggregates 22 individual indicators drawn largely from existing comparative surveys. Each indicator is normalized to a common scale, combined within its domain, and then weighted across domains into a single overall score that allows countries to be compared and ranked. The AAI was created to support evidence-based ageing policy in the European Union and beyond, providing a benchmarking tool for member states. It treats active ageing not as a property of exceptional individuals but as something policy and the environment can enable across the whole older population.