Bandingkan kaedah

	Anggaran Pemboleh Ubah Perantaraan Teguh	Pemboleh Ubah Instrumen Data Panel (Panel IV / 2SLS)
Bidang	Inferens Kausal	Inferens Kausal
Keluarga	Regression model	Regression model
Tahun asal	1949–2019	1978-1991
Pengasas	Anderson & Rubin (1949); Stock, Wright & Yogo (2002); Andrews, Stock & Sun (2019)	Hausman (1978); Anderson & Hsiao (1982); Arellano & Bond (1991)
Jenis	Causal inference / robust estimation	Causal inference / panel regression
Sumber perintis	Stock, J. H., Wright, J. H., & Yogo, M. (2002). A survey of weak instruments and weak identification in generalized method of moments. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 20(4), 518-529.	Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277-297.
Alias	Robust IV, Weak-instrument-robust IV, Robust 2SLS, Weak-instrument-robust inference	Panel IV, Panel 2SLS, Within-IV, Fixed-Effects IV
Berkaitan	4	4
Ringkasan	Robust Instrumental Variables estimation extends standard IV and two-stage least squares (2SLS) by guarding against weak-instrument bias and non-standard inference. Methods such as the Anderson-Rubin test, Limited Information Maximum Likelihood (LIML), and the Conditional Likelihood Ratio test provide valid confidence sets and hypothesis tests even when instruments are weak or only partially identified, making IV inference reliable in settings where standard 2SLS breaks down.	Panel data instrumental variables combines the bias-correcting power of instrumental variables (IV) with the within-unit variation exploited by panel data methods. It addresses endogeneity — omitted variables, reverse causation, or measurement error — in longitudinal settings where observations are repeated across units and time. Seminal contributions come from Hausman (1978) on specification testing and Arellano and Bond (1991) on GMM-based panel IV.