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| Kajian Epidemiologi Rentasan Keratan Rentas Dilaras Risiko× | Kajian Kes-Kawalan× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Epidemiologi | Epidemiologi |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 1990s (risk-adjustment integration); cross-sectional design foundational since mid-20th century | 1950s (formal methodology); precursors in the 1920s |
| Pengasas≠ | Rooted in classical cross-sectional epidemiology (Doll, Hill, Lilienfeld); risk-adjustment formalization attributed to Lisa Iezzoni and colleagues in health outcomes research (1990s) | Janet Lane-Claypon (early precursors, 1926); formalized by Brian MacMahon and Jerome Cornfield in the 1950s–1960s |
| Jenis≠ | Observational epidemiological design with statistical adjustment | Observational analytic study design |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Kelsey, J. L., Whittemore, A. S., Evans, A. S., & Thompson, W. D. (1996). Methods in Observational Epidemiology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195083385 | Schlesselman, J.J. (1982). Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195027860 |
| Alias | risk-adjusted cross-sectional survey, case-mix adjusted cross-sectional study, standardized cross-sectional analysis, adjusted prevalence study | case-referent study, case-control design, retrospective case-control, case-control analysis |
| Berkaitan≠ | 4 | 6 |
| Ringkasan≠ | A risk-adjusted cross-sectional epidemiological study measures the prevalence of health outcomes or exposures in a defined population at a single point in time, then applies statistical risk-adjustment methods — such as regression standardization, direct or indirect standardization, or propensity scoring — to remove the distorting influence of differences in patient case-mix across comparison groups. The approach is widely used in health services research, comparative effectiveness, and clinical quality assessment. | A case-control study is a retrospective observational design in which individuals who have developed a disease or outcome of interest (cases) are compared with individuals who have not (controls) to determine whether prior exposure to a putative risk factor differs between the two groups. The primary measure of association is the odds ratio, which approximates the relative risk when the outcome is rare. Case-control studies are especially efficient for investigating rare diseases and generating etiological hypotheses. |
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