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| Risk-adjusted case series× | Reka Bentuk Kajian Ketepatan Diagnostik× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang≠ | Epidemiologi | Penyelidikan Klinikal |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 1990s–2000s | 2003-2015 |
| Pengasas≠ | Copeland, Jones & Walters (POSSUM score, 1991); broader risk-adjustment methodology developed across surgical and critical care audit literature | Bossuyt, Reitsma, and STARD group (2003); clinical epidemiology pioneers |
| Jenis≠ | Observational study design with statistical risk correction | Research Design |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Copeland, G. P., Jones, D., & Walters, M. (1991). POSSUM: a scoring system for surgical audit. British Journal of Surgery, 78(3), 355–360. DOI ↗ | Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C. A., Glasziou, P. P., Irwig, L. M., ... & de Vet, H. C. (2003). Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD initiative. Annals of Internal Medicine, 138(1), 40–44. DOI ↗ |
| Alias≠ | risk-stratified case series, adjusted case series, risk-corrected case series | diagnostic accuracy study, test accuracy, STARD, diagnostic evaluation |
| Berkaitan≠ | 5 | 2 |
| Ringkasan≠ | A risk-adjusted case series is an observational study design that reports outcomes for a consecutive or defined group of patients undergoing the same procedure or sharing a condition, while statistically correcting for differences in patient-level baseline risk. Rather than presenting raw complication or mortality rates, it compares observed outcomes against expected rates derived from a validated scoring model (e.g., POSSUM, APACHE, ASA grade), enabling fairer evaluation of clinical performance across institutions or over time. | A diagnostic accuracy study evaluates how well a new diagnostic test (or biomarker, imaging modality, clinical assessment) detects the presence or absence of disease compared to a reference standard (gold standard). Standardized since 2003 by the STARD (Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies) initiative, diagnostic accuracy studies are fundamental to clinical medicine, determining whether and how new tests can improve patient diagnosis and treatment. |
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