Bandingkan kaedah

	Kajian Ekologi Retrospektif	Analisis Dos-Respons
Bidang	Epidemiologi	Epidemiologi
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	20th century (formalized ~1980s–1990s)	Conceptual roots 16th century; modern epidemiological application mid-20th century
Pengasas	Epidemiological tradition; formalized by Morgenstern and others	Paracelsus (conceptual foundation); formalized by John Snow and later Bradford Hill
Jenis	Observational epidemiological design	Quantitative analytical method
Sumber perintis	Morgenstern, H. (1998). Ecologic studies. In K. J. Rothman & S. Greenland (Eds.), Modern Epidemiology (2nd ed., pp. 459–480). Lippincott-Raven.	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641
Alias	retrospective aggregate study, historical ecological study, retrospective correlational ecological design, population-level retrospective study	exposure-response analysis, concentration-response modeling, dose-response modeling, DRA
Berkaitan	5	4
Ringkasan	A retrospective ecological study examines associations between exposures and outcomes using pre-existing aggregate data from defined populations or geographic units. Rather than following individual subjects, the unit of analysis is a group — a country, region, or time period — and all measurements come from historical records already collected before the study began. It is a rapid, low-cost way to generate hypotheses about environmental, social, or policy determinants of disease at the population level.	Dose-response analysis quantifies the relationship between the magnitude of an exposure (the dose) and the probability or rate of an outcome (the response). It is a core analytical strategy in epidemiology and toxicology, providing evidence that increasing exposure systematically increases — or decreases — the risk of disease. A demonstrated dose-response gradient is one of Bradford Hill's classic criteria supporting causal inference.