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| Kajian Kohort Retrospektif× | Kajian Kes-Kawalan Bersarang× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Epidemiologi | Epidemiologi |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | Mid-20th century (widely formalized 1950s–1970s) | 1973–1977 |
| Pengasas≠ | Systematic use attributed to early 20th-century occupational epidemiology; formalized in modern epidemiological theory by Brian MacMahon and others | Nathan Mantel (1973); D. C. Thomas (1977 formalization) |
| Jenis≠ | Observational analytic study | Hybrid observational study design |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641 | Thomas, D. C. (1977). Addendum to: Methods of cohort analysis: Appraisal by application to asbestos mining. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 140(4), 469–491. link ↗ |
| Alias | historical cohort study, non-concurrent cohort study, retrospective follow-up study, historical prospective study | NCC study, nested CC design, case-control within cohort, density sampling case-control |
| Berkaitan | 6 | 6 |
| Ringkasan≠ | A retrospective cohort study assembles a group of individuals who share a common starting point and reconstructs their exposure history and subsequent outcomes entirely from pre-existing records. Because the data have already been collected before the study begins, the design is far faster and cheaper than a prospective cohort; however, the researcher must work with whatever information was recorded at the time rather than collecting purpose-built measurements. | A nested case-control study is an efficient observational design embedded within a defined cohort. For each participant who develops the outcome of interest (a case), a small number of matched controls are sampled from those still at risk at the same point in time. This density-sampling strategy yields odds ratios that approximate incidence-rate ratios from the full cohort at a fraction of the data-collection cost — making it the preferred alternative when measuring exposures for all cohort members would be prohibitively expensive or technically demanding. |
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